Įspėjimas - mobilūs telefonai mažina vyrų/moterų vaisingumą ir gali sukelti apsigimimus!

Pradėsime nuo išvados - nūdien vyrauja trys nuomonės:

1. Mobilus ryšys kenkia sveikatai, ypač vaikams ir nėščioms moterims.

2. Ateitis pasakys kenkia ar ne.

3. Mobilus ryšys nežaloja žmogaus, o jei kenkia tai ribotai ir neilgalaikiai todėl ribotai patartina naudoti tik nėščioms moterims ir vaikams.

Pirmąjai nuomonei pritaria ir ją palaiko nepriklausomi mokslininkai, kai kurių šalių sveikatos apsaugos ministerijos, mokymo, gydymo įstaigos. Antrajai dažniausiai atstovauja  atsargūs vartotojai. Trečiajai - mobilių telefefono kompanijų laboratorijos, remiami mokslininkai ir vartotojai dažniausiai įtakoti masinės informacijos priemonių.

Trumpai kaip veikia mobilus telefonai.

Tai radijo bangomis paremtas ryšys tarp stoties (siūstuvo) ir nešiojamo prietaiso - telefono. Kiekviena stotis aptarnauja nuo kelių šimtų metrų iki kelių kilometrų plotą, jos sujungtos kabeline sistema ir koncentruotų mikrobangų pagalba. Telefono savininkui keliaujant iš vieno siūstuvo padengimo ploto į kitą mobilus telefonas persijungia į stipriausią Mikro Bangų (MB) šaltinį.

Ryšys palaikomas mikrobangų pagalba - 900 arba 1800 MHz (milijonai ciklų per vieną sekundę), jas moduliuojant perduodamas jūsų balsas. Bazinė stotis paprastai spinduliuoja 60 W o imtuvas-telefonas 1-2 W (jungimas). Telefono antena spinduliuoja visomis kryptimis tolygiai, stotis dažniausiai spinduliuoja kryptingai. Stotys turi  stiprintuvus (arba kartotuvus) kurių dėka spinduliavimas nukreipiamas papildomomis kryptimi. Pagrindinio spindulio kryptimi 150-200 atstumu nuo stoties spinduliavimas yra maždaug 1 mikroWattas/cm2.

Telefonas pokalbių, ryšio palaikymo-tikrinimo metu sukuria žemo dažnio magnetinį lauką nuo 0.12, 0.25 iki 2 W, pokalbių metu apie 2 W.

Koksai Mikro Bangų poveikis žmogui? Toliau informacija anglų kalboje (būtume dėkingi jei atsirastų vertėjų į lietuvių k.).

Biologinis poveikis gyvybei:

Terminis arba šiluminis

Heating of biological tissue is a consequence of microwave energy absorption by the tissue's water content. The amount of heating produced in a living organism depends primarily on the intensity (or power density) of the radiation once it has penetrated the system, on certain electrical properties of the biomatter, and on the efficiency of the body's thermoregulation mechanism. Above a certain intensity of the microwaves, temperature homoeostasis is not maintained, and effects on health ensue once the temperature rise exceeds about 1°C. Safety guidelines impose upper limits on the radiation intensity to ensure that this does not happen. Heating occurs whether the organism is alive or dead. The frequency of the radiation, as opposed to the intensity, is taken into account only in so far as it affects (via size resonance) the ability of the organism to absorb energy from the irradiating field.

Amongst the most thermally vulnerable areas of the body,2 because of their low blood supply, are the eyes and the testes, and cataract formation and reduced sperm counts are well-documented acute exposure hazards. Animal studies indicate that a variety of behavioural and physiological disorders can be provoked by temperature rises below 1°C--ie, under much less acute exposure conditions.

There have been many investigations to estimate, using phantom heads,5 the rate at which thermal energy is deposited in the head during use of a mobile phone--the so-called absorption rate. These studies indicate that, for most handsets, safety guidelines are not violated. In publicly accessible areas near a base-station, thermal influences of the emitted MWR can be totally discounted; the microwave intensity is far too low. Nevertheless, in both cases there are reports of adverse health effects of subthermal intensities, the possible origin of which will now be considered.
 

Nešiluminis

The possibility that the pulsed, low-intensity MWR currently used in GSM mobile telephony can exert subtle, non-thermal influences on a living organism arises because microwaves are waves; they have properties other than the intensity that is regulated by safety guidelines. This microwave radiation has certain well-defined frequencies, which facilitate its discernment by a living organism (despite its ultralow intensity), and via which the organism can, in turn, be affected. The human body is an electrochemical instrument of exquisite sensitivity whose orderly functioning and control are underpinned6 by oscillatory electrical processes of various kinds, each characterised by a specific frequency, some of which happen to be close to those used in GSM. Thus some endogenous biological electrical activities can be interfered with via oscillatory aspects of the incoming radiation, in much the same way as can the reception on a radio.

The biological electrical activities that are vulnerable to interference from GSM radiation include highly organised electrical activities at a cellular level whose frequency happens to lie in the microwave region, and which are a consequence of metabolism.7 Although not universally accepted, there is experimental evidence7-9 consistent with these endogenous activities, in terms of which effects of ultralow-intensity microwave radiation of a specific frequency on processes as fundamental as cell division, for example, can be understood in a rather natural way.10 Furthermore, the DTX pulse frequency at 2 Hz and the TDMA frequency of 8·34 Hz correspond to frequencies of electrical oscillations found in the human brain, specifically the delta and alpha brain-waves, respectively. It is thus quite possible that living organisms have a two-fold sensitivity to the pulsed GSM signal--ie, to both the microwave carrier and the lower frequency pulsings of the TDMA and DTX signals. To deny this possibility yet admit the importance of ensuring electromagnetic compatibility with electronic instruments by banning the use of mobile phones on aircraft11 and hospitals (a prohibition driven by concerns about non-thermal interference) seems inconsistent.

Thus, in contrast to heating, which relies on an organism's ability to absorb energy from the irradiating field, the possibility of non-thermal effects arises from an "oscillatory similitude" between the radiation and the living organism, which makes it possible for the living organism to respond to low-intensity, pulsed MWR via its ability to recognise certain frequency characteristics of that radiation. The intensity of radiation needed for this recognition is many orders of magnitude below even that currently associated with non-thermal effects. This influence is possible only when the organism is alive, with excited endogenous frequencies; the dead have flat electroencephalograms. Non-thermal effects thus depend on the state of the person when exposed to the radiation--ie, non-thermal effects are non-linear. A low-intensity field can entail a seemingly disproportionately large response (or none at all), and vice versa, quite unlike the predictable thermal responses. Thus not everyone can be expected to be affected in the same way by identical exposure to the same radiation.

A good example of human vulnerability to a non-thermal, electromagnetic influence is the ability of a light flashing at about 15 Hz to induce seizures in people with photosensitive epilepsy.12 It is not so much the amount of energy absorbed from the light that provokes the seizure, but rather the information transmitted to the brain by the (coherent) regularity of its flashing, at a frequency that the brain "recognises" because it matches or is close to a frequency utilised by the brain itself.

Trumpas MB efekto (poveikio) aprašymas:

Epileptic activity in rat brain slices in conjunction with certain drugs.
Resonant effects on cell division of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and on the genome conformation of Escherichia coli.
Synchronisation of cell division in S carlsbergenis.
"Switch-on" of epigenetic processes, such as -phage and colicin synthesis.
Altered ornithine decarboxylase activity.
Reduced lymphocyte cytotoxicity.
Increased permeability of erythrocyte membrane.
Effects on brain electrochemistry (calcium efflux).
Increase in chromosome aberrations and micronuclei in human blood lymphocytes.
Synergism with cancer-promoting drugs such as phorbol ester.

In vivo evidence of non-thermal influences, including exposure to actual GSM radiation, comes predominantly from animal studies (panel 2). Finally, human in vivo studies, under GSM or similar conditions, include effects on the EEG and on blood pressure. A delayed increase in spectral power density (particularly in the alpha band) has been corroborated31 in the "awake" EEG of adults exposed to GSM radiation. Influences on the "alseep" EEG include a shortening of rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep during which the power density in the alpha band increases,32 and effects on non-REM sleep.33 Exposure to mobile phone radiation also decreases the preparatory slow potentials in certain regions of the brain34 and affects memory tasks.35 In 1998, Braune et al36 recorded increases in resting blood pressure during exposure to radiofrequencies.

GSM (mobilių telefonų ) bangų poveikis žmogui:

Epileptiform activity in rats, in conjunction with certain drugs.
Depression of chicken immune systems (melatonin, corticosterone and IgG levels).
Increase in chick embryo mortality.
Increased permeability of blood-brain barrier in rats.
Effects on brain electrochemistry (dopamine, opiates).
Increases in DNA single and double strand breaks in rat brain.
Promotion of lymphomas in transgenic mice.
Synergistic effects with certain psychoactive drugs.

Although the power density of the radiation used in these experiments is typical of that found at the head when a mobile handset is used, and thus much higher than that close to a base-station, the information content of the radiation emitted by base-stations is the same. Accordingly--apart from near/far field differences (ie, localised exposure to the near field during handset use and whole body exposure to the far field from a base-station)--these results are not irrelevant to any consideration of potential adverse health effects associated with chronic exposure to base-station radiation.

Non-thermal effects have proved controversial, and independent attempts to replicate them have not always been successful. Such difficulties are not unexpected, however, because these effects depend on the state of the organism when it is exposed, particularly in vivo. In in vitro studies, discrepant findings can sometimes be traced to differences in the conditions or design of the experiment. Examples of this are the unsuccessful attempts to replicate an earlier yeast-growth experiment,37,9 and the reported increased incidence of DNA strand breaks.38,28 The highly non-linear nature of living systems makes them hypersensitive (via deterministic chaos,39 as exemplified by the so-called "butterfly effect", for example) to the prevailing conditions, and thus militates against the realisation of the identical conditions necessary for exact replication.

Žala kurią manoma gali sukelti buvimas Mikro Bangų lauke arba įtariama mobilių telefonų žala žmogui
 

It is important to stress that the existence even of established non-thermal effects does not make adverse health consequences inevitable. Nonetheless GSM radiation does seem to affect non-thermally a variety of brain functions (including the neuroendocrine system), and health problems reported anecdotally do tend to be neurological, although formal confirmation of such reports, based on epidemiological studies, is still lacking. For example, reports of headache are consistent with the effect of the radiation on the dopamine-opiate system of the brain27 and the permeability of the blood-brain barrier,26 both of which have been connected to headache.40,41 Reports of sleep disruption are consistent with effects of the radiation on melatonin levels25 and on rapid-eye-movement sleep.32 Furthermore, since there is no reason to suppose that the seizure-inducing ability12 of a flashing visible light does not extend to microwave radiation (which can access the brain through the skull) flashing at a similarly low frequency, together with the fact that exposure to pulsed MWR can induce epileptic activity in rats,24 reports of epileptic activity in some children exposed to base-station radiation are perhaps not surprising. I have heard of one child whose seizures diminish when, unbeknown to her or her family, the mast is not functioning (or when she is away), only to increase again when the base-station is working again or when she returns home.

Finally, the significant increase (by a factor of between 2 and 3) in the incidence of neuroepithelial tumours (the laterality of which correlates with cell-phone use) found in a nationwide US study42 is consistent not only with the genotoxicity of GSM radiation, as indicated by increased DNA strand breaks28 and formation of chromosome aberrations and micronuclei but also with its promotional effect on tumour development.43 However, as Rothman's accompanying review shows,4 the overall epidemiological evidence for an association with cell-phone use is rather weak. Nevertheless, it cannot be denied that non-thermal effects of the MWR used in mobile telephony do have the potential to induce adverse health reactions of the kind reported, and this possibility should not be ignored even if only a small minority of people are at risk. Whether a person is affected or not could depend, for example, on the level of stress before exposure; if it is high enough, the additional contribution from MWR exposure might be sufficient to trigger an abnormality that would otherwise have remained latent. It is often argued that anecdotal reports of health problems should be dismissed. However, given the paucity of systematic epidemiological studies of this new technology, such reports are an indispensable source of information, a point acknowledged in the 1999 report of the UK parliamentary committee.44

Preadolescent children can be expected to be more vulnerable to any adverse health effects than adults because absorption of GSM microwaves is greatest5 in an object about the size of a child's head, because of the "head resonance" effect and the greater ease with which the radiation can penetrate the thinner skull of an infant1. Also the multiframe repetition frequency of 8·34 Hz and the 2 Hz pulsing in the DTX mode of cellphones lie in the range of the alpha and delta brain-waves, respectively. In a child, alpha waves do not replace delta waves as a stable activity until the age of about 12 years. Furthermore, the immune system, whose efficacy is degraded19,25 by this kind of radiation, is less robust in children. This makes them less able to cope with any adverse health effect that might be provoked by chronic exposure, not only to the pulsed microwave radiation but also to the the more penetrating low-frequency magnetic fields associated with the current surges from the handset battery which can reach 40 µT (peak) near the back of the case.45 Indications of the biological noxiousness of these magnetic fields (in animals) can be found in ref 25.

In the context of base-station radiation, reports relating to animals are of particular value since it cannot here be claimed that the effects are psychosomatic. Of particular interest is a publication on cattle,43 recording severely reduced milk yields, emaciation, spontaneous abortions, and stillbirths. When cattle are removed to pastures well away from the mast, their condition improves, but it deteriorates once they are brought back. The adverse effects appeared only after GSM microwave antennae were installed on a tower formerly used to transmit only non-pulsed television and radio signals.

Finally, in support of the reality of an adverse health impact of non-thermal influences of the kind of radiation used today in mobile telephony, we should recall that during the "cold war" the Soviet irradiation of western embassies with microwave radiation (of an intensity intermediate between that in the vicinity of a handset and a base-station), done with the express intention of inducing adverse health effects, was quite successful.

Paimta iš http://www.grn.es/electropolucio/omega65.htm

Daugiau info: http://www.psrast.org/mobileng/mobilstarteng.htm

New Scientist 7 Feb 2002 straipsnis

Recent claim of 30% increase in brain tumours found in regular mobile phone users - but result not found in other studies. Brain cancers were most frequently developed on side of head to which the person held their phone. Biggest increase in cancerous growths was in accoustic neuromas which form behind the ear and are usually treated quite easily. Incidence of these types of growths is increasing in the UK. Analysis of 1,600 people with growths who had used mobile phones for up to ten years before diagnosis. risk increased with frequency and duration of exposure to mobile phone radiation. Scientists compared tumour victims with those who led similar lives but did not use mobile phones, and also with another group who had tumours but did not use mobile phones. Analogue, digital and "cordless" DECT phones all seem to carry risk. Study by Professor Kjell Mild, Orebro University in Sweden - published in the International Journal of Oncology March 2003
Suggestion that mobile phone radiation can destroy brain cells and may lead to the early Alzheimer's disease. Long exposure said to destroy cells in parts of the rat brain important for memory, movement and learning and could possibly cause premature onset of illnesses such as Alzheimers if the same effect was found in humans. Lund University Hospital did not look at cancer risk but at direct damage to brain cells. Professor Leif Salford said mobile radiation was already known to allow harmful proteins and toxins through the brain barrier in rats. Now, he detected significant degree of damage to brain neurons in adolescent rats. "If this effect was to transfer to young mobile users, the effects could be terrifying. We can see reduced brain reserve capacity, meaning those who might normally have got Alzheimer's or dementia in old age could get it much earlier." He used rats aged 12-26 weeks because their brain cells were still developing in a similar way to teenagers and younger children. They were exposed for just two hours to radiation equivalent to mobile phone use. Sections of rat brains were examined 50 days after exposure. Animals exposed to medium and high level radiation had many dead neurons. Environmental Health Perspectives, the journal of the US Government's National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences February 2003
Worms raise safety concerns over mobile phone radiation. Nottingham University UK found that female nematode worms exposed to mobile phone radiation produced stress hormones, grew 10% larger, and produced more eggs.

Mažiausiai spinduliuojantys telefonai (list of 10 lowest radiation mobile phones in the US - SAR)

Manufacturer and Model * SAR Level
1. Motorola StarTAC 7860 0.24
2. Qualcomm pdQ-1900 0.2634
3. Mitsubishi Trium Galaxy G-130 0.35
4. Motorola TalkAbout 2297 0.35
5a. Motorola ST7797 0.39
5b. Motorola T8097 0.39
5c. Motorola P8097 0.39
6. Motorola StarTAC 7790i 0.42
7. Motorola i1000plus 0.43
8a. Motorola G520 0.457
8b. Motorola M3682 0.457
9a. Ericsson KF-688 0.477
9b. Ericsson DF-688 0.477
10. Motorola M3097 0.53

Daugiausiai MB skleidžiantys telefonai (list of top 10 highest radiation mobile phones in the US - SAR)

Manufacturer and Model SAR Level
1. Ericsson T28 World 1.49
2. Nokia Digital 5160 1.45
3. Nokia 5170 1.45
4. Denso TP 2200 1.44
5. Qualcomm QCP-1960 1.41
6. Sanyo SCP-4500 1.4
7. Sony CMB-1200, 2200, 3200 1.3906
8. Nokia 8860 1.39
9a. Motorola StarTAC 7867 1.38
9b. Motorola ST7767D 1.38
9c. Motorola Talkabout T8167 1.38
9d. Motorola Timeport P8167 1.38
10. Neopoint NP-1000 1.38

Šiaip galutinis Mikro Bangų poveikis žmogui išaiškės 10-15 metų bėgyje. Tačiau jau dabar nustatyta ir įrodyta žala, kurios galite išvengti mobilų ryšį naudodami kuo rečiau. Vaikams, moksleiviams, merginoms/moterims besiruošiančioms tapti mamomis šios ryšio priemonės patartina vengti.